Online Programz

The protocol architecture would then form the framework for standardization. OSI stands for open system interconnection reference model developed by ISO.

The task of OSI was to define a set of layers and the services provided by each layer. Each system consists of seven layers as follows,

Application layer :

It provides access to OSI environment for users and slo provides distributed information services.

Presentation layer :

It provides independence to the application processes from difference in data representation.

Session layer :

It provides control structure for communication between application, etablishes , manager and terminates connection between cooperating application.

Transport layer:

It provides reliable, transparent transfer of data between end points, provides end to end error recovery and flow control.

Network Layer :

It provides upper layers with independence from the data transmission and switching technologies used to connect systems.

Data Link Layer :

It provides for reliable transfer of information across physical link; sends block with the necessary synchronization error control and flow control.

Physical layer :

Concerned with transmission of unstructured bit stream over physical medium deals with mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural characteristics to access the physical medium.

W3C is a vendor organisation controlled by its dues paying member corporation that explicitly excludes participation by individuals.

W3C standards include HTTP, HTML, XML, CSS and more. The W3C has had considerably less success in convincing vendors such as netscape and microsoft to fully and consistently implement its standards.

W3C has five basic level of standards :

• Recommendation :

- Highest level of W3C standard.

-It is a work that represents consensus within W3C and has director’s stamp of approval.

• Proposed Recommendation :

- Mostly Complete and can undergo only minor changes

-It works out bugs in the specification document.

• Candidate Recommendation :

-Indicates that working group has reached consensus on all major issues and is ready for third party comment and implementation.

• Working Draft :

-Reflection of the current thinking of some members of working group.

• Note :

-One of two things , either an unsolicited submission by a W3C member or random using staff by W3C staff or related parties.

The IETF is a relatively informal democratic body open to participation by any interested party. They include Tcp/Ip, MIME and SMTP.

IETF standards and near standards are published as internet draft and requests for comments(RFCs) which range from the information documents to detailed specification of standard internet protocol.

RFCs that document a standard or a proposed standard are published with the help of Internet Engineering Steering Group(IESG).

All IETF approved standards are RFCs and vice versa is not true.

Most proposals for a standard begin when a person or group gets a idea and builds a prototype. If the prototype becomes popular outside its original developers and if other other organization begin implementing their own versions of the protocol, a work group can be formed. This group attempts to document the protocol in an Internet Draft which changes frequently to reflect experience with the protocol.

when all groups are agree that the protocol is ready to become a fomal standard, proposed specification is submitted to the IESG.

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